The Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present

To begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begin equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia in America. People of America began to develop detestation for Muslim individuals. The presentation of the 9/11 act even three years later expressed the connotation that there was stress present in America. The sample examination express that American†¦show more content†¦To figure out the developing tread based on this issue that has ascended social inequality. He took lead to develop terror and provoked the rise of Islamophobia again. Muslim immigrants did not appreciate his action. Th is was due to the reason that when Trump become president he wanted to ban Muslims in America (Ledford, 2016, p. 13-14). This is another significant factor that increased Islamophobia. Hence, increasing racial social inequality. Many individuals that were non-Muslim began to hate Muslims. Causing hate crime and discrimination to increase and the actions of the president was incorrect (Ledford, 2016, p.13). Overall there were four main reasons. To begin, the president role regarding the case of 9/11. The second was the law regarding to 9/11. For the third, popularity and media approach the 9/11 act received. Lastly, invasion of Iraq (Kaplan, 2006, p.1). Consequently, another cause of racial social inequality was Trump. Therefore, the effect was discrimination and inequality. Othering Next, lets us take the look of the cause and effect of othering. Othering is the process known as, â€Å"the ways in which those who are not a part of the dominant class, race, or gender, are (mis)represented and (mis)treated by mainstream society. Marginalized others are seen as different and inferior and treated as such† (Gouweloos, 2017). Consequently, this is another reason why racial socialShow MoreRelatedIslamic Extremism Is Becoming A Global Matter1605 Words   |  7 Pagesextremism that went from 36 to 53 percent, whereas in Europe, the average increase was 27 percent (Poushter, 2015). This exemplifies the idea of Islamophobia. To fully comprehend how attitudes toward the Islamic religion have changed in the past decade, one must consider the history of Islam, and the societal and cultural changes pertaining to Islam. Islamophobia is becoming a global matter, and one must be aware to understand religious conflicts, as it can immensely influence society. The religion ofRead MoreIslam and Diane Frost Essay example1483 Words   |  6 PagesIslamophobia: Links between terrorism, Muslim and â€Å"race hate’’. By Mbalu Sillah English 101 Professor Caldwell 16 June 2011 Thesis: Millions of people from different races, nationalities and cultures around the world are united by their widespread Islamic faith. Introduction I. What is Islamaphobia? A. What cause it? B. Where it was use the most? C. Who did it affect the most? 1. Muslims 2. United State 3. Europe II. Terrorism A. September 11, 2001 Read MoreDoes Racial Bias Affect The Lives Of Americans? Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans. This is why we must look at the causes of this racial bias and the effects. We cannot ignore the obvious disadvantages minorities face in America. When examining the ways that systemic racial bias affects the lives of Americans, it is important to first define what systemic racial bias actually is. For the purposes of this research paper, it is the tendency of racism to exist in a specified process. Throughout the past centuries, the presence of this bias changed significantly but not disappearedRead MoreExisting In Society Today Means To Be One Of The 7.5 Billion1715 Words   |  7 Pagesis a diverse range of ethnicities, societies, and cultures. As amazing as it sounds to live in such a diverse place and exist in a society such as today, every pro does indeed follow with a con. Though we have made tremendous advancements over the past decades legally, techno logically and financially we have failed to advance in the most important aspect of existing and that is, of course, our humanity. We do not fear the new Apple product that comes out or a law that gives women equal rights toRead MoreIslamic Cultural History1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdeadly ambition to create a country ruled by extremist ideals. However, in the broader context of history, what will have the most significant effect on cultural memory is not the fact that these terrorists and ideologues attempted to form a state, but that it was one claimed to be inherently Islamic. The resulting culture of fear, â€Å"othering†, and Islamophobia experienced across the developed world will cement the place of the Islamic State in cultural history, even as the group itself continues toRead MoreIslam And The Middle East Essay2164 Words   |  9 Pagesand more of another, but they were also seen as untrustworthy individuals. Additionally, prior to the September 11th, attacks and a n after effect of September 11, was that Muslim men were violent and Muslim women as oppressed individuals. Thus, the perception of Islamophobia and the threat it brings to western society has impacted the discussion of Islamophobia in America. American scholars sought to demonstrate that there was a divide between the Middle East and the west, between Muslims and AmericansRead MoreThe Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy2124 Words   |  9 PagesThe Effects of Cultural Assimilation: Conformity vs. Unorthodoxdy â€Å"Cultural assimilation is a complex and multifaceted process that first involves immigrants learning the language, cultural norms, and role expectations of the absorbing society, and further changes in attitudes†, or so it is explained by Dejun Su, Chad Richardson, and Guang-zhen Wang, in their article, â€Å"Assessing Cultural Assimilation of Mexican Americans: How Rapidly Do Their Gender-Role Attitudes Converge to the U.S. MainstreamRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On Terrorism2383 Words   |  10 Pagesthere may be more to acts of terrorism than that which meets the eye. Throughout time, especially recently, terrorism has been present around the world, and as such, the question of its justifiability and morality is a common topic, but it is clear terrorist’s actions cannot be justified when observing organized terrorism, what causes terrorism, its past, and its effects on other people in the world. There has been enormous quantities of proof demonstrating that terrorism has quite literally beenRead MoreEssay On Police Brutality1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Panthers made an impact on the way of our world thinks about the separation of African Americans and whites. Unfortunately America has gotten better but still quite the same. Huggins shows the question of the world being unequal. â€Å"In the past few years,† said Higgins, who lectured widely, â€Å"young people have begun to ask: ‘Well, if you had a school, you had free clinics, if you took care of those incarcerated by making sure their families could get on buses and visit them in the farawayRead MoreIslamophobia Essays1853 Words   |  8 Pagesis no different from a typical Katrina discrimination story as discrimination becomes a significant theme within Eggers novel. Other Sources such as Akbar Ahmed author of â€Å"Journey into Islam†, Maleiha Malik â€Å"Anti-Muslim Prejudice In The West: Past and Present† and Glenn Adams â€Å"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy† in their own respect also contribute to Eggers theme discrimination. In the end Egger exposes in great details discrimination as the inhumane and tragic treatment Zeitoun recieved

Essay about Book Summary The Bible Among the Myths

INTRODUCTION The book opens with an introduction comparing the study of the Old Testament and the other religions and cultures of other peoples from the Ancient Near East. Scholars used to believe that the Old Testament was unique among other beliefs in the Ancient Near East but they now view the Old Testament as identical to other religions of its day and time. The author also discusses the vital philosophical distinction between â€Å"essence† and â€Å"accident.† When removing an essential feature of an object, it will cease to be itself but if you remove an accidental feature of an object, there will be no change in the object’s essential being. The author also introduces the characteristics of myth. 1) That human beings have†¦show more content†¦One of the groups of definitions falls under the category of the historical-philosophical definition. The first definition of myth in this category is the etymological definition. This definition stresses the falsity of the deity or event or thing being described. The second is the sociological-theological definition where the truth is seen as relative and something is considered true if it is seen as true by others. The third is the literary definition. These kinds of definitions claim to make no value judgment about their material. The events are not seen as right or wrong and the narrative makes use of symbolism to express it meaning. The many definitions of a myth have one thing in common; they all give to the philosophy of continuity. Continuity assumes that all things are not only related to one another, but are literally one another in some fashion. Overall it can be said that whatever the Bible is, whether symbol or literal, true or false, it is not myth. CHAPTER THREE CONTINUITY: THE BASIS OF MYTHICAL THINKING As the title of this chapter is Continuity: The Basis of Mythical Thinking the author gives further details about what he touched on at the end of chapter two. The presence of continuity is the one thing that myths have in common. The way of thinking in continuity views all things as part of each other inShow MoreRelatedEssay on Book Summary of the Bible Among the Myths2904 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction Author John N. Oswalt begins The Bible Among the Myths: Unique Revelation or Just Ancient Literature? with a concise and well-written introduction that whets the reader’s appetite, compelling one to continue reading. He begins by informing the reader that his novel has been in the works dating all of the way back to the 1960s, when he attended the Asbury Theological Seminary. Oswalt quickly points out that one of the main points that the book will focus on is determining if â€Å"the religionRead MoreBook Summary: the Bible Among the Myths by John N. Oswalt Essay3529 Words   |  15 PagesABSTRACT John Oswalt, in his book The Bible Among the Myths, presents his position to the reader that the bible is different and separate from other writings of the Ancient Near East. He asserts the Bible is both historically accurate and theologically sound. He makes the defense the Bible was divinely inspired and revealed to humanity and unique from other Ancient Near East literature. There was a time when the Bible, and the Israelite religion was different from its neighboring societies.Read MoreMs Paul2146 Words   |  9 PagesBible Among the Myths Malcom College English 093 Ms. Smith 01/23/2012 Introduction The book is an analysis of the Biblical view of the world and compares it other works in the Ancient Near East of that time with the development of the Bible. This is done by an in-depth analysis of the underlying beliefs inherent in mythology and the Biblical text. Of primary significance is the authors portrayal of the Biblical insistence on monotheism and divine transcendence compared to the polytheisticRead MoreEssay on The Bible Among the Myths Summary3696 Words   |  15 PagesSUMMARY OF JOHN N. OSWALT’S BOOK THE BIBLE AMONG THE MYTHS David Strickland Old Testament Introduction - OBST 590 June 1, 2013 Introduction The author, John N. Oswalt, was first introduced to the subject of this book in his seminary studies in the 1960s. Oswalt introduces his book with a narrative of the similarities and differences that exist between the Old Testament and the literature of the Ancient Near East. Prior to the 1960s scholars believed that the Old Testament was unique and didRead MoreThe Cyclops Scene In Flannery OConnors Good Country People1508 Words   |  7 Pagesleg. A Bible seller named Manley Pointer comes into her life, and eventually he steals Joy’s artificial leg. Flannery O’Connor, the author of Good Country People, was a boarder of Robert and Sally Fitzgerald (Alexander 2016). Robert Fitzgerald is known as one of the best Greek translators in English, and his work includes Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Homer’s Iliad and The Odyssey (Mitgang 1985). This affected O’Connor’s Good Country People as it has similarities to the Cyclops scene in B ook 9 of TheRead MoreEffects Of Africanization In This Side Jordan By Margret1750 Words   |  7 Pageserasing the dominating culture of the white into the African culture and to clearly spell out the supremacy of the African culture. The authors during the period employed various artistic skills which enable them to put down the effaced signs, symbols, myths and the folktales of the countries that were colonized by the European powers. The writers put their focus on the on the social quandary of the communities that suffered the traumatic affiliation of the strange power and the authority of the EuropeanRead MoreThe Role Of Achievement Motivation1732 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 5.1 SUMMARY Over the years there has been hue and cry on industrial development in Nigeria. But the focus was mainly on the governments’ contribution and its activities like intervention policies and program to realize this goal. Furthermore, huge budgetary allocation designated, and plunged into the sector notwithstanding, only modest success, if any had been recorded. Consequent upon this, this research topicRead MoreThe Myth Of Epic Of Gilgamesh 1879 Words   |  8 PagesHistory 10 Professor Chrissanthos 4 October, 2016 From Myth to Religion The Sumerian myth â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh† is known to be the oldest written fictional story of all time. The original script, discovered on 12 clay tablets in ancient Sumeria, covers the adventures of a real historical figure (Ralph): the Sumarian King of Uruk, who lived sometime between the years 2750 and 2500 B.C. (Epic) The adventures of Gilgamesh were so popular among the people of that era (the earliest written versions ofRead MoreThe Core Essence Of Servant Leadership From A Biblical Perspective1605 Words   |  7 Pages‘Servant Leadership’ from a Biblical perspective, which might be able to provide practical, theological, and hermeneutical insights in order to develop leadership competency and a healthy prosperous ministry, as oppose to the current secular ‘leadership’ myths and fascination in our church, culture and society. Admittedly, over the years I have always admired and strived to adopt a servant leader attitude in all my endeavo rs. Equally, the paper will reflect on ‘Servant Leadership’ through the lens of JesusRead MoreThe Impact of Ancient Religion on Homers Odyssey1413 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Ancient Religion on Homer’s Odyssey    There has long been a fashion among critics and historians, including Sir James Frazier and Graham Hancock, to insist upon taking the account of Odysseus voyage to Hades in Book XI of the Odyssey at near face-value as a description of people and places familiar to a Greek audience of Homers day. Both linguistics and comparative history have been employed to discover exactly how accurately this originally oral epic conveys this gritty realism

Competing Models Contemporary Planning Theory

Question: Describe about the Competing models of Contemporary planning theory? Answer: Planning is a regularizing development one would suspect that planning will be considered good essentials. Post World War-2 noticeable planning thought became acquainted with separated from good thought. Shockingly, this midsection showed an invalid conferred reason that each restraint was worked in ascribes and should dodge worth request. This false supposition is in the blink of an eye essentially can't. "Contemporary Planning Theory" totally perceives the routinely directing traits of the planning system. Then again, notwithstanding it makes small use of directing good thought to light up the issues raised by this recognizing evidence (Guhathakurta, 1999). There is an enhancing advanced enthusiasm, in the spatial organization of city ranges and in spatial procedure. However, there is a typical loss of certification in legislative systems as methods for issue assertion and the perfect control of joining materials. This builds worries about how partners in spatial change in the city ranges become acquainted with the confused qualities of city regions, how they become acquainted with the reality on strategies and exercises, and how this may be changed over into effect on exercises (Healey, 2012). The routes in which planning oversaw at the beginning of the Twenty first thousand years did not follow a solitary outline of either an applicable method or a suitable result. Inside European nations and the U. s. Announces, requests a participatory modeone that drew in natives well on the way to be experiencing changes in the planning strategy for their regions came to be regarded in a few spots yet not in others. The thought of participatory planning has conveyed to the world, in spite of the fact that it keeps on being confined in its receiving. For the most part, the level of which planning incorporates a group commitment demonstrates the level of popular government experienced in every spot. Inside a more participatory structure, the piece of constant changes from that of expert to that of mediator between diverse classifications, or "partners" (Hillier and Healey, 2008). This adjusted part has been prescribed by supporters supporting a thought of "informative soundness." Expert s of this point of view, on the other hand, assert that the technique may decrease progression or just improve the cravings of the individuals who have the most power, prompting the results rather than the group interest. They are additionally drawn in that the response of "Nimbyism" avoids building financially savvy land and required group venues if neighbourhood residents have the capacity for any advancement that they stress will bring down their property principles (Levy, 2011). In whole, the huge mixture of sorts, of assignments on which coordinators work, the absence of assertion over methodology and goals, and the diverse procedures taken in better places and countries has made extraordinary contrast inside current city planning. In any case, in spite of the fact that the exceptional idea of tight isolation of employments is always on the succeed in numerous spots, there is a noticeable example toward blended utilization improvement, especially of supporting exercises, for example, retail location, entertainment, and lodging inside downtown areas (Roo and Silva, 2010). Certain destinations of planning, for example, insurance of the earth, stay vital, and accentuation among the different targets have adjusted. Specifically, monetary development planning, particularly in old places that have encountered from the reduction of generation, has arrived at the front. Coordinators responsible for money related development act much like businessmen included, in promoting: they upgrade their places to imminent dealers and survey physical development as far as its appreciation for capital and its planned to make undertakings, instead of by its refreshment or consenting to an all-inclusive strategy. Such organizers work to accomplish development contracts with foremen and organizations that will upgrade nearby business. Particularly in the U. S., planning associations have fretted about promoting the monetary development and have ended up included in examining offers with individual originators. Designers may be allowed to manufacture in returned for giving su bsidizes, gimmicks, or different profits to the group. In the U. S., where exceptional approval is not obliged if the building suits into the zoning regulation, offers typically incorporate an open appropriation. Regular development contracts incorporate giving place, charge remission, or controlling help to property planners in return for a devotion to give facilities. An agreement might likewise be hit between the city and an individual organization in which the organization affirms to move into or stay in a place in return for different rebates. Numerous such arrangements create talk about, particularly if a town workout the privilege of prestigious area and takes an individual place for development assignments (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Overall ideas with respect to suitable planning have logically put up as an effect of a few styles. To begin with, keen defences against a "solitary plan" procedure have acquired authority. The special concession to the manifestation of composing development encapsulating differentiating of employments and reliable development along pioneer lines has been changed by understanding of neighbourhood varieties and the more prominent craving to consent to the law based input. Second, it has gotten to be regularly realized that, even where the inconvenience of necessities may be suitable, numerous spots do not have the sources to acquire them. In the third world, easy-going commercial centres and understandings, once scrutinized by coordinators, now have all the earmarks of being unavoidable and regularly fitting in giving the needs of lacking regions. Organizers in these circumstances, influenced by overall help associations, continuously push to redesign squatter assertions and street co mmercial centres instead of evacuating them for the sake of change. Third, legislative reasons embracing the free business have constrained coordinators to scan for business sector based distinct options for issues, for example, defilement and the supply of open administrations. This has prompted privatization of previously transparently had gimmicks and sources and to the exchanging of benefits to make range and to discharge contaminants set up on a basically controlling procedure (Allmendinger, 2002). Planning in its roots had a suggested suspicion that a decently planned, widely arranged city would be a socially ameliorative one. At the end of the day, it kept up toward environmental determinism. The objectives of planning have therefore ended up more direct, and the way that the physical environment can essentially influence social conduct has lessened. Planning as practice and self-restraint is based upon the open arrangement as a gadget for producing a more sensible and eye-getting climate that, while not definitely changing human conduct, however assumes a part in advancements in the aggregate prosperity for various individuals (Cao, 2013). References Allmendinger, P. (2002). Planning theory. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave. Cao, K. (2013). Modern urban planning theories. Planning Theory, 12(3), pp.321-323. Encyclopedia Britannica, (2015). Urban planning: Competing models. [Online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619445/urban-planning/258086/Competing-models [Accessed 23 Mar. 2015]. Guhathakurta, S. (1999). Urban Modeling and Contemporary Planning Theory: Is There a Common Ground?. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 18(4), pp.281-292. Healey, P. (2012). Strategic Planning for Contemporary Urban Regions: City of Cities: A project for Milan. Planning Theory Practice, 13(3), pp.497-498. Hillier, J. and Healey, P. (2008). Critical essays in planning theory. Aldershot, Hants, Eng.: Ashgate. Levy, J. (2011). Contemporary urban planning. Boston: Longman. Roo, G. and Silva, E. (2010). A planner's encounter with complexity. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate.

Innovation and Sustainable Business Development for Revenue Growth

Question: Discuss about theInnovation and Sustainable Business Development for Revenue Growth. Answer: Concept of a business model A business model is referred to the clear and concise way of showing how exactly the business is operated. In an organization, the management team is expected to explain the business model in few sentences (Fey Trimble, 1993). All the companies in present time try to strive to offer the value to customers. The stronger the value proposition, especially when it is compared with the competitors, the most likely many customers will buy through the company. The business model is considered as the way of translating the concept of the value proposition in the potential for having profitability and rapid revenue growth (Fey Trimble, 1993). The business model explains the various methods, which can be used by companies in generating revenue. It can include charging the fees for subscription, selling the products or services, selling the service contract over the item for creating the revenue opportunities. The model also depicts the factors related to the business operation that leads to profitability. The organization might hold high margin, as compared to competitors, due to the low-cost sources associated with supply (Fey Trimble, 1993). A business that attains advantage through word of mouth suggestions through present customers towards prospective customers can become profitable, as this type of marketing is less costly than others like advertising. Explain what is involved when referring to the notion of an e-business archetype, business model as an activity system AND a business model as a cost-revenue architecture. The business model is the integral part of economic and trading behaviour in this pre-classical period. In the mid-1990s the concept of business model has become more prevalent through the coming of the internet, as it has helped in collecting momentum, since that time. From that period, ideas around this concept are resonated with business practitioners and scholars, as mentioned by various publications, which also include book chapters, articles in the scientific journals and business press (Fey Trimble, 1993). The research stream that is devoted towards the business model focuses on e-business. It implies doing the business electronically. It includes e-markets, e-commerce, as well as internet based business, and involves the companies that undertake commercial transactions with the buyers and business partners on the internet (Forrester, 1994). Only companies that rarely make use of websites for displaying the product/service information are excluded. Current advancement in the information and communication technologies, like the swift and emergence of internet and this lead to rapid reduction in the communication and computing cost, which has permitted towards the development of different ways of creating and delivering the value, that has also offered scope for creating the unconventional mechanism of exchange and transaction architectures (Keating, 1998). The same has accentuated the expectation for designing new boundaries of organizational forms. Indeed, all these developments have opened the doors for business model design through enabling the companies to bring change in primary ways for organizing and engaging in the economic exchange in inside and across the boundaries of the industry. As per Keating (1998), it includes the ways, through which companies quickly communicate with both customers and suppliers. The companies conceptualize the business model like the system of interdependent activities, which transcend the focal companies and span around the boundaries (Vennix, 1992). The system of activity try to enable the company to create value in relation with partners, but also relevant to value creation share (Keating, 1998). As per empirical research, it is recommended that there are two sets related with parameters, on which activity system designers expect to consider, structure and governance, design components, that explain the activity system architecture, as well as design themes like efficiency, novelty, lock-in, and complementarities. It also describes the activity system sources of value creation. The basic logic behind the business model revolves around the revenue and cost of the companies, along with capture value mechanism, and cost value proposition (Lane, 1993). Therefore, conceived the business model could act as a vehicle for initiating innovation, just like the inno vation subject. Explain how these business model conceptualizations can be used to analyse and solve static and dynamic problems, including business model design/redesign problems. Lane and Oliva (1998) identify different thinking along with the process of modelling, which characterize the problem definition and explores the conceptualization stage like the divergent. Along with this, it also points towards the variation in the answers of people towards the question, when they are individually formulated or either in the group (Lane Oliva, 1998). In this context, it depicts the process, in which the conceptual model use was linked with the Delphi technique modification in the problem elicitation of issues and its conceptualization. Lane and Oliva (1998) also emphasize over the significance of facilitation process and the session design in handling issues within groups. Many tools aid towards the conceptualization and identification of issues. Martinez Luna (2001) emphasize on other things like the significance to include the decision making process in modelling and the ability to quickly diagnose the actual problem and then matching the issues with the releva nt modelling technique (Martinez Luna, 2001). Business model conceptualization is referred as the way to tackle the complex issues occurring in the decision conference aided through different tools. Especially the group including the multi-attribute utility models, the project combined system assumptions surfacing and testing, as well as system dynamics in the policy analysis and conceptualization of the issues (Martinez Luna, 2001). Explain what is meant by the term business context and the notion that changes in business are inevitable. Big data is defined as the four V, such as volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. The new paradigm explains by combining all these dimensions. In the period of data management, most of the information is captured through business transactions including the processes, stakeholders, services, and products (Martinez Richardson, 2001). In the current years, data goes beyond the corporate boundaries, and the same is increasingly made available. It also includes relevant information through internet-of-things and social networks. Mobile manufacturing company Oppo, have around 5 billion handsets all over the world, along with the mobile channel, which serves as the core gateway on the internet in a huge swath of both China and India. It is another source of big data because every action considers by the user could be potentially geotagged (Mashayekhi, 1992). Explain how the organization's business model has been impacted by the change and what this means for managers when making decisions about the organization's business model. Location based services are making use of big real-time data as well as analytics, which enables the organizations to easily understand how the need for customers and interest get change when the customers move from their location (Sterman, 2000). Research undertaken in the proactive customers care will be considered as disruptive, as the conventional location concept in sales will most likely to get change. The different changes taking place in business are mainly due to the big data and will most liable to cause a dramatic shift within different professions (Scholl, 1995). Specific job category will get obsolete, where else the job categories and will be most likely to attain strength. Conclude by briefly discussing the significance of your findings for the future of business models research and practice. This review recommends around three concepts, which might warrant different considerations like e-business model archetypes; business model as cost/revenue architecture, and business model as an activity system. This different type of concept can be investigated fruitfully and in relation with one another, under the single business model theme. The important theme which is formulated is forming, basically goes around the notion of business model, just like the new unit analysis, providing the systematic viewpoint over how to conduct business, that encompasses the activities of boundary spanning, and emphasize over value creation along with value capture. All these themes are mutually reinforcing and are even interconnect. It recommends that the field is going through the conceptual consolidation that is required to move the way for cumulative research within the business model. References Fey, W. R. and J. Trimble (1993). An Expert System to Aid in Model Conceptualization. International System Dynamics Conference. Cancun, Mexico, System Dynamics Society. Forrester, J. (1994). Policies, Decisions and Information Sources for Modeling in Modeling for Learning Organizations. J. Morecroft and J. Sterman eds. Productivity Press. Portland, OR pp. 51-84. Also in European Journal of Operational Research, 59(1), 42-63 Keating, E. K. (1998). "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Developing a System Dynamics Model, but Were Afraid to Ask.". 16th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Quebec '98, Quebec City, Canada, System Dynamics Society. Lane, D. C. (1993). The Road Not Taken: Observing a Process of Issue Selection and Model Conceptualization. System Dynamics Review, 9(3), 239-264. Lane, D. C. and Oliva, R. (1998). The Greater Whole: Towards a Synthesis of SD and SSM. European Journal of Operational Research, 107(1), 214-235. Martinez, I. Luna, L. (2001). Best Practices in System Dynamics: a Structural Approach. in The 19th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Martinez, I. Richardson, G. P. (2001). Best Practices in System Dynamics Modeling. in The 19th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Mashayekhi, A. N. (1992). From a Static Picture to a Dynamic Problem Definition. Proceedings of the 1992 International System Dynamics Conference of the System Dynamics Society. 11 Utrecht, the Netherlands, The System Dynamics Society. Scholl, G. J. (1995). Benchmarking the system dynamics community: research results. System Dynamics Review, 11(2), 139 to 155 Sterman, J.D. (2000). Business Dynamics : Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Vennix, J. A. M., et al. (1992). Model-building for group decision support and alternatives in knowledge elicitation. European Journal of Operations Research, 59(1), 28-41.

Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay Example

Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest Essay The Tempest was Shakespeares last play written alone. He used it to express his thoughts on the structure of society, albeit through using certain characters as a mouthpiece. These characters include Gonzalo and Prospero. To begin with, the society on the island consists only of Prospero, Miranda, Caliban and the spirits, which only appear to Prospero. One theme in the play is the idea of usurpation, which is shown several times throughout. One of Calibans reasons for hating Prospero is his idea that Prospero usurped him as ruler of the island. This is made clear as early as Act 1 Scene 2, when Caliban says This islands mine, by Sycorax my mother, which thou takst from me. Antonio also usurped Prospero as Duke of Milan, Stephano wishes to be king of th isle and Sebastian plots to kill Alonso to become King of Naples. On the island, it seems that all social restraints are removed. Antonio and Sebastian would never have dared to plot to murder Alonso back in Italy. The anonymity of the island means that the characters genuine feelings are shown, rather than hidden. This is shown by Antonio and Sebastians conversation. Draw thy sword: one stroke Shall free thee from the tribute which thou payest/And I the king shall love thee.. And also by Gonzalos speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the ways Shakespeare presents ideas of society in The Tempest specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I think that the play also has messages about colonisation of countries for the British Empire. This is due to the fact that at the time new countries were still being discovered by British explorers like Walter Raleigh. The idea of a ship of nobles landing on an unknown island and disturbing the natives (Caliban) is evocative of the explorers at the time. This does not necessarily mean that Shakspeare is showing his disapproval of colonisation; he could just be including it as a way for the audience to relate the plot to England at the time. Gonzalos speeches in Act 2 Scene 1 are the main indicator of Shakespeares social idealism within the play. He begins by saying Had I plantation of this isle. Here Gonzalo is speculating on the possibilities of the island. However, this also shows that even old, kind Gonzalo wishes for power and control, thus consolidating power as a central theme within the play. Letters should not be known seems at first to suggest that there would be no formal education or even use of written language on the island, but seeing as this could be Shakespeares utopia expressed through Gonzalo, this doesnt appear to make sense. Shakespeare made his living through writing, and so I think that it seems more likely they are referring to names, or the class system, where everyone was judged by their lineage. However, it is significant that at the end of the play, Prospero chooses to give up his magic and return to Italy, and Italian society, where he will in be in charge as is his birthright. This would sat isfy Prosperos need for power. Whilst on the island, Prospero has learned how to become a good leader. This is shown by the way in which he tells Miranda by delayed exposition that those (his magic) being all my study, I cast government upon my brother. This quotation implies that Prospero knows he paved the way for his brother to take over. It also shows that he now knows he was a neglectful leader, which shows some humility, perhaps meaning that his character has changed since being marooned on the island. Gonzalo muses on creating a commonwealth on the island, with no sovreignty, in the presence of the King of Naples. This is quite startling in its outspokeness, and starts to disabuse us of the notion that Gonzalo is just a kindly old fool. This gives us another parallel between Shakespeare and Gonzalo, as Gonzalo voices his commonwealth idea in front of the king, and Shakespeare is sending this message out in front of an audience that could very likely have included royalty. Also, I believe that Prospero presents some ideas of society too. He is a very dominant character, speaking the epilogue, which is unusual for a main character in a Shakespeare play. Prospero manipulates the characters and shapes the story, and is almost always totally in control. This helps to show the manipulative elements in his character. The Tempest tells the story of Prosperos usurpation, and, to put it simply, the plot to get his dukedom back. Prospero presents himself as a victim of his brothers ambition, but it is later shown to us that Prospero was a poor ruler, far more interested in his books than in looking after his country, as is shown but the words those being all my study/ the government I cast upon my brother. Already, due to his dukedom, Prospero is cast in the role of leader. We know that Shakespeare has portrayed him as neglectful of his duties during his reign. This could be a comment on the negative points of having one all powerful leader, as Prosperos charact er does have several negative elements in. He is controlling (quotation), and petty, he threatens Caliban, saying to-night thou shalt have cramps/Side-stitches that shall pen thy breath up Prosperos controlling nature manifests itself in his desire to keep everything happening exactly when and how he wants it. When Miranda and Ferdinand begin to fall in love (as he planned) he says They are both in eithers powers/ But this swift business/ I must uneasy make. He needs it to happen exactly as he planned. Another example of this would be when Ariel asks for his liberty. Instead of asking Ariel for a few hours more, Prospero shows his autocratic nature by reminding Ariel of how he rescued him, and how he can punish him again. The small society on the island that Prospero has created for himself, Miranda and Caliban has him has the head of it. Both Caliban and Miranda obey him, and there is no-one to question his authority. Although he refuses to free Ariel and enslaves Caliban, he never actually intends to harm anyone. This is shown by his question to Ariel But are they, Ariel, safe? It also seems like Ariel actually has the power on the island, as Prospero needs him to work his magic. The way he rules on the island could, therefore be likened to the way we are told he ruled in Milan, where although it was actually him that was the Duke, his brother ruled the country. This idea of society that Prospero has created on the island is that of a single all-powerful ruler. Prospero is eager to return to Naples and the rigid social structure of Italian high society. I believe that this is because the small, relaxed society on the island did not satisfy his need for power over others. He does relinquish his magic, however, which was the main source of his power on the island. I feel that this is because he knows that when he is back in Italy he will not need magic powers to control people, as he will be the rightful duke, and this will be respected by members of Italian society. This also is another example of how important the theme of power is. In conclusion, I think that the island is a microcosm of society, and due to its size, and the small number of people on there, everything is concentrated. For example, Sebastians desire to be King would probably have been suppressed back in Italy, but on the island it is not.

social promotion essays

social promotion essays TCE is a nonflammable liquid it is colorless. It has a sweet odor and a sweet burning taste. TCE does not occur naturally in the environment. It is an artificial compound. It is produced synthetically from 1,2-dichloroethane. And stabilizers are added to the marketed product. It is used mainly as a solvent to remove greases from metal parts, it is also an ingredient in adhesives, typewriter correction fluid and spot and paint removers. 75-80% of TCE production is used for degreasing metals. Because of its good solvent properties it was formerly used in dry-cleaning facilities. It is also used to extract natural substances. An example would be in decaffeinated coffee or fruit juices. Skin contact with TCE can cause irritation and rashes on the skin. Drinking small amounts of TCE over a long period of time can cause liver and kidney damage, nervous system effects and impaired immune system function. Also during pregnancy it can impair fetal development. Drinking larger amounts can cause nausea, convulsions a coma and in some cases death. Breathing TCE for a long time can cause impaired heart function and coma or death. Breathing TCE for a short period of time can cause headaches, lung irritation, dizziness and difficulty concentrating. Some studies with mice have shown that high levels of TCE may cause liver or lung cancer. Also some studies of people exposed to TCE over long periods of time showed increased risk of cancer. These studies however, are inconclusive the cancer could have been caused by other things. You could be exposed by breathing air in from around the house contaminated by TCE vapors from the shower water. Also breathing in common household items such as, spot removers or correction fluid. Drinking, swimming or showering in water with TCE in it could have also exposed you. Anoth ...

(any topic) but I choose to talk about a violence scene that happened Essay

(any topic) but I choose to talk about a violence scene that happened while I was at a place somewhere - Essay Example At the Jomo Kenyatta Airport, we were received by my father’s friend, Mr. Robert Rickaby, who works in the central part of Kenya. Mr. Rickaby is the director of USAID programs in the central part of Kenya, i.e. in Meru. From the Jomo Kenyatta Airport, we went directly to Meru, where Mr. Rickaby works. In Meru, Mr. Rickaby works at a village called Chiakariga, so we stayed at the Chiakariga village for a week before we started visiting the major tourist centres in Kenya. It was while I was at the Chiakariga village that I witnessed a bizarre incident of violence. In the central part of Kenya, as I came to learn later, the predominant religions are Christianity and the traditional African Religions (Religions of Kenya, web). Christianity and the traditional African religions, however, coexist peacefully in Kenya, although in some instances the worldview of the two religions crash. My witness of the bizarre act of violence took place on Monday, 22nd September 2013. On this day, Mr. Rickaby had taken us to Chiakariga Market to visit the people there and to have an experience of the culture of the people. In the trip to Chiakariga market, we had two tour guides, Mr. Mutegi and Mr. Mwenda, both friends of Mr. Rickaby. Shortly after arriving at the Chiakariga market, we saw a crowd of people curiously gathering somewhere. The gathering was rapidly enlarging. Out of curiosity, I asked our tour guides to take us there so that we could have a glimpse of what was happening. Our tour guides agreed to take us there but cautioned us to be wary because violence could easily erupt from the gathering. When we finally got there, I saw two men and two women; all in white robes. When we inquired from our tour guides whom the people in white robes were, our tour guides told us that the people in the white robes were pastors. The pastors were so charismatic and they were charging the crowd with good music;

The Pixar Marketing Comparative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Pixar Marketing Comparative Analysis - Essay Example It has been observed that the benchmarking policy will be more effective if comparative cases are used. Our team members are technologically sound and they are having an expertise in developing marketing plans. In the current study, Pixar has been selected to gain insight on the new product development (Annacchino, 2007). The organization is specialized in developing â€Å"animated shorts, feature films, animated logos for clients like IBM and Paramount and commercials for clients like Listerine and LifeSavers† (Kahn et al., 2013). â€Å"The Walt Disney Company† acquired Pixar and operated it as their subsidiary. The case study will help the team in emphasizing on various factors of teamwork. Pixar is having three corresponding groups working simultaneously. Three main strategies are used by the employee groups like technical development, creative development, and production.The firm is using high association strategies for the employees. Management of the firm is colle cting insights and suggestions from the employees. Pixar also emphasizes on the developing high collaboration between the employees and management, which helps in gaining creative ideas and increase technical efficiency among the employees. Management of Pixar adopted the approach â€Å"experiment and refine† in order to execute rapid and instant decisions. It reduces risk potentials as sharing of risk is easy. Finally, it can be said that case study will be aiding in making effective new product development strategies.

Integrated Approaches to Working With Children and Young People Essay

Integrated Approaches to Working With Children and Young People - Essay Example Moreover, these programmes are formulated with the intention of improving the quality of life of every children as well as young people. The Children Act 2004 provides legal support to all these programmes that are broadly initiated. Furthermore, this Act offers significant duties as well as determines the responsibilities for providing better services to children [1] (Crown, 2012). Every Child Matters ‘Every Child Matters’ is fundamentally considered to be the national framework for the programmes which are initiated in order to comply with the requirements of the youths and the children. This framework is initiated with the motive of increasing opportunities as well as decreasing risks that experience by the children or the young people. Moreover, the services which are to be rendered by the professional of these programmes are required to identify the risks that are associated with children as well as young people. The risks which are identified are required to be sor ted out in an efficient manner. The integrated working services can be rendered effectively with the assistance of local leaders and collaboration with local communities. Moreover, this framework determines the actions that are required to be undertaken by the local authorities and the support that is to be provided to the local authorities for carrying out these activities effectively (North Yorkshire County Council, 2013). The valuable outcomes of the ‘Every Child Matters’ that are mostly desired by the young people and the children have been portrayed hereunder. Being Healthy The children as well as the young people must possess better mental as well as physical health. Moreover, the young... This paper approves that integrated working is a process of involving every individuals as well as professionals who are included in welfare activities for the youths and the children. The children as well as the youths are required to be provided with better assistance as well as additional support in order to improve their life and growth. Risks as well as problems pertaining among children as well as young people are required to be identified at an early stage. Moreover, on identification of risks, measures must be undertaken to eliminate all these risks to children in an efficient manner. This report makes a conclusion that the government of the UK has initiated a programme named ‘Every Child Matters’ with the objective of providing additional requirement to children as well as young people in an effective manner. There are certain crucial outcomes that are mostly desired by children for better health as well as growth. Moreover, there are professionals as well as individuals who are entitled with the responsibility of meeting the needs as well as requirements of children as well as young people. Moreover, the government has also initiated that there should be lead practitioners who will be responsible for providing all the requisite packages of service effectively. In accordance with the scenario, Jordan is provided with SEN as well as SENCO decided that she will be offered with educational plan in order to provide enhanced educational facilities. These educational facilities will be provided to Jordan free of cost. All these will facilitate Jordan and h er family with better healthcare services.

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay

The Sampling Strategies Are Identified Sociology Essay Tikanga refers to the way of doing correct and right things. The traditional and customs that have been handed down through the passages of time. It refers to how researchers enter the research community, negotiate their study and methodology, conduct themselves as a researcher and as an individual, and engage with the people requires a wide range of cultural skills and sensitivities. Researchers have to be respectful and culturally appropriate when engaging with indigenous communities. Kawa refers to values, beliefs and protocols such as working with Maori health providers. Maori committees who have iwi and Hapu reps.This group can support the research through: Tika, checking the research design; Manaakitanga, advising about cultural and social matters; Mann, ensuring justice and equity for Maori and support with participants .It involves collective participation by members of a community within an important event Quota A quota sample is conveniently selected according to pre-specified characteristics specific to the research topic. Characteristics may be according to age, gender, profession, diagnosis, ethnicity and so forth. For instance, a quota sample may be selected according to the comment as 30 Maori females and 20 Maori males diabetes whose age is from 35 to 55 in a group OUTCOME 2 2.1 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with kaupapa Maori Quota sampling Quota sampling is a method for selecting survey participants. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-group. Then decision is used to select the subjects from each segment based on a specified proportion. For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 50 females Maori diabetes and 30 males Maori diabetes between the age of 45 and 60. This means that individuals can put a demand on who they want to sample. In quota sampling, the selection of the sample is non-random sample and can be unreliable. For example, interviewers might be tempted to interview those people in one hospital where looks the most helpful, or may choose to use accidental sampling to question those closest to them, for time-keeping sake. The problem is that these samples may be biased because not everyone gets a chance of selection. Random sample A random sample is a subset of individuals that are randomly selected from a population. Because researchers usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to represent the entire group as a whole. The goal is to obtain a sample that is representative of the larger population. Subjects in the population are sampled by a random process, using either a random number generator or a random number table, so that each person remaining in the population has the same probability of being selected for the sample. Stratified random sampling A stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. For example, to obtain a stratified sample of diabetes of Maori, the researcher would first organise the population by age group and then select appropriate numbers of 20 to 30, 30 to 40, 40 to 50 and 50 to 60. This ensures that the researcher has adequate amounts of subjects from each age gap in the final sample. 2.2 Sampling strategies are implemented in accordance with local iwi or hapu requirements. 1. The researcher should try to develop a cooperative working relationship with local iwi and Hapu, for example, take some food or financial reward to share with people who participates in the research and whanau. 2. Maori culture should be respected by researcher during the period of research. Researcher should use the material carefully which is from the participants. Make sure using them correctly and appropriately. 3. After all the researches are finished, the researcher should inform the participants and whanau what has been chosen and written in the report and ask the permitting for using those information in the report. OUTCOME 3 3.1 The impact of colonization on hauora at regional and national levels is analysed in accordance with culture customs. Colonisation has had a huge impact on Maori health. Social factors like poverty, inferior housing, severe overcrowding, poor standards of domestic and community hygiene, racial discrimination, educational disadvantages, high unemployment rates and heavy dependence on social welfare along with limited access to affordable and nutritious food and poor understanding of health and nutrition all increase the risk of chronic disease in indigenous people. Maori Regional : He tangata I kakahuria ke te rimu noana e kore e ora ki te noho tuawhenua; which means literally: a person covered with seaweed will not survive dwelling inland. It gives a sense that for a person accustomed to living by the seaside and feasting on kaimoana/seafood, they will have difficulty in adjusting to living inland in an entirely different environment. When Europeans came to these lands, things changed, and today we see that Maoris have become reliant on fast foods, and high-risk behaviours like poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, cigarette smoking and a sedentary lifestyle. Westernised lifestyles also dictated regular meal times which Maori did not/do not often adhere to. National : Pushed by the European to low lying villages, Maori left behind them fern roots, kÃ…Â «mara, fish, birds and berries, and they progressed to foods like flour, sugar, tea, salted pork, potatoes, along with smoking, alcohol and drug misuse, less exercise, over-eating, and long-term unemployment. While infectious diseases declined and population decline slowed, urbanization brought about other health risks with this change in life-style and genetic influences. Most Maori who live in deprived areas and have low income are more prone to less healthy. There is a strong link between diabetes and low income (low socio-economic), poor quality of life, social deprivation and also limited access to health care services. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Regional : Years ago, Native Americans did not have diabetes. Elders can recall times when people hunted and gathered food for simple meals. People walked a lot. Now, in some Native communities, one in two adults has diabetes. A hunting-gathering lifestyle does not favour excess food consumption. The majority of time is spent in subsistence with intermittent feasts, and occasional famines. During times of food abundance, the ability to save excess energy for famine (i.e., be thrifty) would confer a selective advantage, and the genes would spread throughout the population. Currently, most indigenous peoples live sedentary, westernized lifestyles. Food is plentiful, and little physical work is required. However, the thrifty genes are still in action. They promote too much insulin, obesity, and type 2diabetes. The formerly adaptive thrifty gene is a maladaptive remnant of a hunting-gathering lifestyle. National : Native Americans and Diabetes since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater than the United States population as a whole. Diabetes is an increasing crisis among the Native American population. 3.2 The impact of colonization on the cultural base and the effects these have on health are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori Customs and language : During and after colonization Maori customs and language were majority assimilation by westernized. Because of assimilation policy the young Maori generations were separated from Kaumatau, whanau, hapu and iwi. The elderly knowledge, customs and language were reduced the roles in community. Language is a fundamental part of identity. In the decades following the signing of the Treaty, the number of native speakers reduced to the point where the language was dying out. Government has in the last 20 years supported indigenous efforts to revive te reo through kohanga reo (preschool language nests) and kura kaupapa (schools). Many Maori use English for daily living but doctors may meet older Maori who prefer to speak te reo, and younger Maori who assert their rights to converse in their own language. The doctor should have knowledge of available translation services in their region and should learn how to pronounce Maori words correctly. This can be a powerful mean s of engaging with Maori patients and enhance the chance of establishing a strong therapeutic relationship. The lack of knowledge about Maori customs and language effect on providing health services in successful outcomes and a strong cultural belief that worry can worsen symptoms, led them to avoid lengthy discussion of complications. So the kaupapa research and Tikanga Best Practice were launched to be guidelines for health care providers in primary and secondary. Tapu and noa, deep concepts which have often been misinterpreted, are seen as underpinnings of a system of public health in which spiritual and social health are linked with elements of physical health. Maori are dying younger than PÄ keha, because they are poorer, colder, sicker and more socially disadvantaged, are less likely to get help, so Maori health strategy, Whanau Ora strategy, DHB are the policies which government focus on improving the physical wellbeing as well as psychological perspectives. New Zealan d Public Health and Disability Act 2000 recognises the Treaty of Waitangi, by requiring District Health Boards to improve the health outcomes of Maori. Lifestyle : Maori lifestyles change in according with the urbanization and civilization. They go too far from old traditional and get used to have the westerned lifestyles. Such as, enjoyment with fast food, the seniority system was seen as less valuable, tend to less contact with whanau. When the gap between kaumatau and young Maori is wider, it leads the loss of their identity, their spiritual and psychological health. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Reduced physical activity associated with urbanization increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Changes in activity (i.e., a decrease in caloric output) can be attributed to changes in occupation and transportation. Urbanization moves people into cities where occupations tend to involve less physical activity. And as these occupations tend to pay more than agriculture, more money is available for luxury goods, such as vehicles. These further decreases the amount of time devoted to energy expenditure. Thus a repeating cycle of more money leading to more food and less physical activity, leading to more time to make money creates a lifestyle where obesity and diabetes develop. Changes in the environment as a result of colonization and westernization have been dramatic when compared with traditional indigenous life ways. Westernized societies have dietary intakes vastly different from those practiced traditionally by indigenous peoples. The largest changes are found in the increase in animal fats and carbohydrates, especially secondary to processed foods. Economic globalization has lead to widespread patterns of processed food consumption and lifestyle. This is evident in the number of McDonalds restaurants worldwide. Fast food is synonymous with westernization. However, these foods have little nutritional value when compared to traditional dietary staples, and they have contributed greatly to the rise in non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes. Indigenous peoples are aware of how colonialism has affected them at a level as fundamental as nutrition. Unfortunately, there are few alternatives at present. The wide-scale socioeconomic changes associated with westernization have impacted traditional foods and physical activities in a way that is not easily fixed. Issues of land rights, equity, and self-government are intricately entwined with current health problems. The inability to access lands, and therefore traditional foods and activities, prevents indigenous peoples from incorporating traditional life ways into current practice. All of these problems associated with colonialism are exacerbated by the processes of modernization and urbanization. When the North Americans settlers took over land traditionally belonging to the Native Americans, this meant the Indians were dispossessed of their own lands. For a culture that was linked inextricably to the land, it was a real tragedy to be separated from their spiritual roots. This sort of action led to a real loss of culture, spiritually and socially. In many cases the Native Americans were herded onto reserves, rather than permitted to freely hunt and wander around their traditional homelands. This loss of freedom and loss of land is a legacy still felt keenly by the people today and lead the increasing number of mental health people. In some cases, they were forced to take on white mans religion as well, although they did have some choice. Missions were introduced, and Natives were aggressively encouraged to convert to Christianity. Most of the groups had had some form of ancestral worship, and this enforced change in religion altered their culture identity. Life in the Americas changed drastically and dramatically with the coming of the Europeans. The worst thing that happened to the natives was the influx of deadly diseases for which they had no immunity. The natives died by the thousands, inundating whole tribes! The second major occurrence was the Europeans killing off the game and chopping down the forests. Then, the foreigners proceeded to kill the natives and drive them from their ancestral homelands. The Spaniards even sought to rid the natives of their customs and languages, requiring them to adopt the Roman Catholic religion. They stole their riches, desecrated their buildings, and reduced once powerful nations to slaves and servants. 3.3 Contemporary issues affecting hauora as a result of the colonization process are analysed in accordance with cultural customs. Maori The manner in which the land was lost was often questionable, and led to considerable protest from Maori. These protests largely fell on deaf ears until the establishment of the Waitangi Tribunal in 1975. Establishment of the Maori Party : The foreshore and seabed controversy, a debate about whether Maori have legitimate claim to ownership of part or all of New Zealands foreshore and seabed, became the catalyst for setting up the Maori Party. The Maori Party believes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori owned the foreshore and seabed before British colonisation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The Treaty of Waitangi made no specific mention of foreshore or seabed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No-one has subsequently purchased or otherwise acquired the foreshore or the seabed; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maori should therefore still own the seabed and the foreshore today. Legislation : The New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act (2000) is one of result in order to recognise and respect the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and with a view to improving health outcomes for Maori to District Health Boardshttp://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2000/0091/latest/link.aspx?id=DLM80801 DLM80801 provide for mechanisms to enable Maori to contribute to decision-making on, and to participate in the delivery of, health and disability services. Access and participation : The Whanau Ora Tool is a practical guide to developing health programmes where whanau, hapu, iwi and Maori communities play a leading role in achieving whanau ora. It places Maori at the centre of programme planning, implementation and evaluation. Its aim is for Maori families to be supported to achieve fullness of health and wellbeing, as defined by them, within te ao Maori and New Zealand society as a whole. The key priority is to ensure that community health services are available, accessible and appropriate for Maori; and are of high quality. With many health programmes for Maori, it shows that government recognizes the culture and visible of Maori in society, that result to Maori easily access and participate to health services. The achievement rates across developmental activities are higher than before. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Access and participation : Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) improves access to health care services for all people in the U.S. who are uninsured, isolated, or medically vulnerable and supports health care providers in every state and U.S. territory. HRSA is working with partner Federal agencies and Tribal communities in order to increase access to health professionals, health centers, and affordable health care in hopes of decreasing Tribal health disparities. Health Resources and Services Administration provides opportunities for collaboration with Indian Health Service (IHS) facilities and Tribal organizations to improve access to care for American Indians and Alaska Natives. The two agencies are natural partners in providing comprehensive, culturally acceptable, accessible, affordable health care to improve the lives of Tribal populations. Establishment of movement and organization : Most Native American clans have developed court structures to arbitrate issues related to native rules. AIM-the American Indian Movement-began in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the summer of 1968. It began taking form when 200 people from the Indian community turned out for a meeting called by a group of Native American community activists led by George Mitchell, Dennis Banks, and Clyde Bellecourt. Frustrated by discrimination and decades of federal Indian policy, they came together to discuss the critical issues restraining them and to take control over their own destiny. Out of that ferment and determination, the American Indian Movement was born. AIMs leaders spoke out against high unemployment, slum housing, and racist treatment, fought for treaty rights and the reclamation of tribal land, and advocated on behalf of urban Indians whose situation bred illness and poverty. They opened the K-12 Heart of the Earth Survival School in 1971, and in 1972, mounted the Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington, D.C., where they took over the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), in protest of its policies, and with demands for their reform. The American Indian Movement (AIM), which initially created a patrol to monitor police actions and document charges of police brutality. Eventually, it promoted programs for alcohol rehabilitation and school reform. By 1972, AIM was nationally known not for its neighborhood-based reforms but for its aggressive confrontations with the BIA and law enforcement agencies. Indigenous position in general national society : The Native American Indians position in American society is not far different from the early of colonized. Their position is still in the bottom of society even government recognize them and provide many services to support and encourage them to the better lives. But in society, the racism in skin colour still remains. Legislation : In the contemporary relationship between the federal government and federally chartered tribes, as it has reached the present through a number of historical stages, the United States Congress with its powers to ratify treaties and regulate commerce is the trustee of the special Indian status. The trusteeship involves protection of Indian property; protection of Indian right to self-government; and the provision of services necessary for survival and advancement. In the commission of its trusteeship, Congress has placed the major responsibility for Indian matters in the Department of Interior and its subdivision the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In addition to the central office in Washington D.C., the BIA maintains regional offices in 12 states, mostly in the West, with agencies on particular reservations as well. Many Native Americans have positions in the BIA, but relatively few are at the highest positions. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act : Declared elevating the health status of the American and Alaska Native people to a level at parity with the general U.S. population to be national policy. The Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA), the cornerstone legal authority for the provision of health care to American Indians and Alaska Natives, was made permanent when President Obama signed the bill on March 23, as part of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The authorization of appropriations for the IHCIA had expired in 2000, and while various versions of the bill were considered by Congress since then, the act now has no expiration date. OUTCOME 4 4.1 Conclusions about the impact of colonization on the hauora of the indegenous people are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis INDIGENOUS MAORI EDUCATION Before the coming of Europeans to New Zealand, the education of Maori children was shared by home and community. From their grandparents and parents they learnt the language and standards of behaviour. In the community they developed skill in fishing, hunting, gardening, house-building, cooking, mat-making, and basketry. The more difficult arts of wood-carving and tattooing were taught by experts while instruction in tribal law was given to the sons of chiefs and priests in a building known as the whare-wananga. The arrival of the European brought far-reaching changes in Maori social life. To meet the demands of the new culture, radical changes in the system of education became necessary. First to accept the challenge were the missionaries who set up schools with the object of converting the natives as quickly as possible to Christianity. The first school commenced under Thomas Kendall at Rangihoua in 1816. The Wesleyans followed in 1822, and the Roman Catholics in 1838. M ission schools rapidly increased in number and their influence spread to the most remote areas. While the instruction was mainly of a religious nature, the Maori language was taught through translations of the Bible and Catechism. There was practical needlework for the girls, also carpentry and field work for the boys. URBAN MIGRATION Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae for example, urbanisation brought major change to the MÄ ori world. Older tribal structures lost influence, and urban-based MÄ ori became educated in western institutions. Äâ‚ ¬pirana Ngata died in 1950, and a new breed of leaders emerged in the context of the rapidly urbanised MÄ ori communities. EMPLOYMENT In Tai Tokerau (Northland) high Maori unemployment, redundancies, high tribal cultural identity wonderful beaches, and forests, have set the scene for the development of indigenous sustainable economic development and tourism industry. The town of Morewa, which relied on the Freezing works for employment came to a halt during the free market reforms made almost the whole town unemployed. Recent work by the Community Employment Group with local iwi, and local authorities have turned around the town to form other forms of development. The town now thrives on tourism, fashion, and arts, agriculture from a Maori perspective through the delivery of Marae Stays, Cafes, Maori Art, Maori Fashion, and use of Maori land for agricultural purposes. Not only in one region but colonization affected whole of New Zealand in terms of employed in both positive in negative way. One good thing was that many Maori got educated and secured themselves employment, while some were left uneducated and unemployed. HOUSING Following the Second World War, many MÄ ori elected to move from their tribal and rural communities to find work in the bigger centres. While some MÄ ori attempted to bring traditional institutions into the cities by establishing urban marae. Many Maori were facing housing difficulties due to land loss, poor education and unemployment. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS Education: Euro-Americans began to use education as a means to refine young American Indian children; to kill the Indian and save the child (Barker, 1997). Supported by the government, religious-based boarding schools were established in which Indian children were seized from their homes and forced to attend, typically starting at the age of four or five. They were prohibited from speaking their native language and were forced to abstain from practicing their cultural traditions, and were not released back to their families for about eight years. It is upon the return of American Indian youth back into their tribal communities where we begin to see the powerful negative impacts that forced assimilation have on the indigenous populations. With the youths homecoming, many of these children faced a cultural identity crisis, realizing they were no longer entirely Indian, but they were also not white either. The confusion between two separate cultures and oneself adds even more stress ont o the already complex process of ones identity development. Urban Migration : The U.S. government began actively moving American Indians to cities in 1952 as part of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Voluntary Relocation Program. The program resulted in 150,000-200,000 American Indians leaving reservations for cities such as Chicago, Los Angeles and Denver before it ended in the late 1970s. Today 67 percent of American Indians live in urban areas. Of particular significance is whether urbanization constitutes assimilation and the loss of something authentically Indian. In the dominant narrative, urbanization has become linked to cultural destruction and individuals disconnection from their tribal foundations. many American Indians say they feel invisible in the multicultural urban environment. From the 1950s through 1984, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had a program to assist Indians who wished to relocate from rural and/or reservation areas to such metropolitan sites as Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, and Oakland, where jobs were p resumably available. Urban Indians are more likely to be in the labor force than rural Indians. The most recent figures show that only 25 percent of the Indian population live on reservations, while 54 percent live in urban areas. Unemployment : While white workers saw unemployment soar over the past year, American Indian workers suffered recession-level rates of unemployment long before the recession began. Like black and Hispanic workers, American Indian workers experience persistently high rates of unemployment in good times and bad. Other data suggest the jobs crisis for American Indians may be even worse than the unemployment numbers reflect. In order to be counted as unemployed, a person needs to be actively looking for work. People who have suffered long periods of unemployment often become discouraged and stop looking. Even before the recession started, the employment-to-population ratios of American Indians were lower than those of whites by region. These gaps were very large in Alaska, the Northern Plains, and the Southwest. These three regions are also the regions of the country where the ratio of the Native-to-non-Native population is among the highest (U.S Census Bureau 2007). These facts suggest that the problem of low employment rates among American Indians may be at least partially due to conflicts between the two groups. The Great Recession is hurting all groups, but for American Indians, in some areas, it is worsening pre-existing economic disparities. Housing : Native American Indian tribes are currently plagued by severe housing problems. Nearly forty percent of all tribal homes are overcrowded and face severe structural deficiencies. With sixty-nine percent of tribal homes in overcrowded conditions that often include 18-25 people forced to jam into one and two bedroom homes overcrowding is a vital social issue. These overcrowded conditions and structural inadequacies cause many problems. These structures pose immediate risks to their occupants from structural collapse, improper ventilation, ineffective insulation, health issues, the stress of crowded living conditions, and many other causes. In addition, sixteen percent of Native American households in tribal areas also go without adequate plumbing or lack plumbing altogether. Inadequate plumbing, or the total lack of plumbing, often cause unsanitary conditions that can result in the easier spread of disease, use of unsafe drinking water, and general hardship on these families. Presently, on tribal lands more than 30,000 people are on a waiting list for rental housing. The National American Indian Housing Committee (NAIHC) estimates that 200,000 housing units are needed immediately on Indian lands in order to provide adequate housing. This enormous shortfall in housing is a critical concern for tribal leaders and citizens alike. 4.2 Conclusions about the social status of the indigenous people resulting from colonization, and its related impacts on hauora, are drawn and substantiated in accordance with the analysis. INDEGENOUS MAORI The health circumstances of indigenous peoples vary according to the unique historical, political, and social characteristics of their particular environments, as well as their interactions with the non indigenous population of the countries in which they reside. An example is the Maoris, the indigenous people of New Zealand. We focused on the health realities of this group, in particular the effects on Maori health of health care services designed according to the values and social processes of non-Maoris. Significant differences in life expectancy exist between Maoris and non-Maoris in New Zealand, but the role of health care in creating or maintaining these differences has been recognized and researched only recently. An analysis of Maori health in the context of New Zealands colonial history may suggest possible explanations for inequalities in health between Maoris and non-Maoris, highlighting the role of access to health care. Two potential approaches to improving access to and quality of health care for Maoris are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ development of a system of Maori health care provider services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ initiation of cultural safety education. OTHER INDIGENOUS : THE NATIVE AMERICAN INDIANS It is important to recognize that terms such as Native American and American Indian are linguistic devices designed to denote contemporary descendents of a wide variety of tribal nations. Over 550 American Indian tribes are currently recognized by the federal government. In addition, many other tribes are recognized only by state governments, and still others are working to obtain official governmental recognition. Each tribe, whether recognized or not, is informed by a culturally unique worldview. Although Native

DEPRESSION Essay -- essays research papers

Advertising.com COSHE.COM : uncategorized : Great Depression Great Depression The Great Depression was a disastrous business slump that affected millions of people throughout the entire United States. It began in 1929 and continued on, to some degree, until Click Here to Search COSHE's Database Again Great Depression The Great Depression was a disastrous business slump that affected millions of people throughout the entire United States. It began in 1929 and continued on, to some degree, until 1939. People lost their jobs, and families lost their homes. The country was in total chaos. Some believed that America could never totally recover. There were several factors that contributed to the start of the Great Depression. One of them was the crash of the stock market. It was 1929, and Republican Herbert Hoover had just been recently elected. During the previous few years, the stock market had been steadily rising, and everyone wanted their piece of the profits. By this time, over 1.5 million people owned stock in various companies. People in every kind of financial situation owned stocks. It seemed that it was an easy way to make money, and most investors were getting rich. The stock market reached its all-time high on September 3, 1929. This caused even more people to buy stock. In October of 1929, however, the stock prices slowly began to decrease. This did not bother the stockholders that much because they just figured that the stocks would go back up like they always did. Unfortunately, these predictions were terribly wrong. On the 24th of October, the stock market plummeted. Shareholders rushed to sell their stocks as quickly as possible, but they found no buyers. The 24th came to be known as "Black Thursday." Five days later there was a "Black Tuesday." That was when more than sixteen million stocks were sold at a great loss. One stock had dropped from one hundred dollars to only three dollars per share. The President and the bankers tried to assure people that there was not a crisis and that it was only a temporary situation, but they could not have been more wrong. When the stock market crashed, it upset the whole economy. Because the stock prices were so low, no one would invest in them. This meant that the large and small companies who depended on the stockholder's support now had major financial problems. Thousands o... .... President Franklin D. Roosevelt had truly done what the American people so desperately needed. He helped save the United States from the worst and most devastating depression in the history of the nation. He had become a national hero, and grew to be so popular that he won the election of 1936 by an even greater majority than the previous one. When the United States entered World War II, unemployment nearly disappeared. Industries became busy again trying to keep up with the war material orders and many young people entered the armed forces to fight for freedom.. The damage from the Great Depression that Roosevelt and his "New Deal" could not fix, the war certainly did. Several insights can be learned from the Great Depression. Perhaps the biggest one is that the United States government can positively influence the economy by creating massive programs. Also, that many Americans have the spirit of compassion which is necessary in order to provide for the less fortunate. Perhaps the greatest lesson taught was that no matter how big the problem, there is always hope for a solution, as long as there is determination, devotion, and a commitment to solving that problem.

Wind Energy And Hydroelectric Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Wind energy is among the universe ‘s fastest-growing and most normally used beginnings of energy.From this portion, wind energy ‘s advantages like its low cost and being environmental will be explained in item. 2.1 Low-cost Energy Harmonizing to the U.S. Dept. of Energy, clean air current power costs $ 50 megawatt per hour.That means, tackling air current energy is really inexpensive as compared to the dodo fuels that have skyrocketing prices.To give an illustration, coal energy costs $ 104 and atomic energy costs $ 107 megawatt per hr ( U.S Department of Energy ) .So, air current energy has become low-cost plenty to vie with fossil fuels.If a family used air current power for % 25 of its demands, it would pass merely $ 5 dolars per month for it and the monetary value is still dropping. ( Renewables-Wind Energy ) . Furthermore, wind power has no fuel costs and negligible costs for maintenance.In air current energy, there is no fuel usage like other energy beginnings, it is merely utilizing air current which is ever available and costless.While other energy beginnings needs tonss of money to keep, weave energy is really economical.Building a atomic works or a watering dike may necessitate a immense sum of money , but wind farms and air current turbines are inexpensive.Moreover, air current energy has no clean-up costs.So, there are no C revenue enhancement or C cap and trade system which make C emanations more expensive like the other energy sources.To sum up, wind energy is rather low-cost energy beginning with supplying cost benefits.2.2 EnvironmentalOne of the best and most valuable advantages of air current energy is that it is wholly pollution free.Compared to the environmental effects of traditional energy beginnings, the environmental effects of air current power are about not existing.Firstly, wind energy does non bring forth waste merchandises that require disposal or gas emanations which contribute to air pollution and planetary clime alteration. Besides of course produced, CO2 is besides produced when fossil fuels like coal and natural gas are burned to bring forth electricity.However, utilizing air current to bring forth electricity reduces CO2 emanations. Harmonizing to a stud y, weave energy saves about 122 million dozenss of CO2 every twelvemonth ( Global Wind Energy Council ) .As we use more and more of air current energy, less and less fossil fuels will be burnt. This, in consequence, means less pollution. Wind energy besides does non devour or foul water.While other energy beginnings like hydroelectric energy that needs H2O to run or atomic energy which drops its waste into H2O, wind energy brings us healtier seas and lakes.Another environmental benefit of the air current energy is, it uses merely a fraction of the land.So, bing land utilizations such as agriculture and graze can go on unaffected. â€Å" Wind turbines can be built on farms or spreads, therefore profiting the economic system in rural countries, where most of the best air current sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can go on to work the land because the air current turbines use merely a fraction of the land, † states the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( U. S. Department of Energy, April 2005 ) .Having said these, it will non be incorrect to state that wind energy provides electricity without harming the environment.III.HYDROELECTRIC ENERGYHydroelectric energy is known for being widely used signifier of renewable energy which uses H2O to bring forth electrical power.Although it is believed that hydroelectic energy provides benefits, it besides comes with the large disadvantages such as dike failures and relicensing.3.1 Dam FailuresBecause big conventional dammed-hydro installations hold back big volumes of H2O, a failure due to hapless building, terrorist act, or other cause can be ruinous to downriver colonies and infrastructure.Also good design and building are non an equal warrant of safety.Dam failures have been some of the largest semisynthetic catastrophes in history.To give an illustration, the Banqiao Dam failure in Southern China straight resulted in the deceases of 26,000 people, and another 145,000 from epidemics ( Application of the Meth od of Characteristics to the Dam Break Wave Problem, Chanson, H.,2009 ) . Millions were left homeless. Besides, the creative activity of a dike in a geologically inappropriate location may do catastrophes such as 1963 catastrophe at Vajont Dam in Italy, where about 2000 people died ( The Vajont Dam Disaster,2006 ) .In decision, when it comes to failure of a dike, hydroelectric energy can make an uncontrallable catastrophe.3.2 Relicensing ComplexityEvery 30 to 50 old ages, private hyrdoelectric dikes are re-evaluated.In this measure, relicensing is a really complex process.Relicensing was infrequent until 1993, but so The Hydropower Reform Coalition formed to take advantage to reconstruct river ecosystems through the relicensing procedure ( Renewables-Hydroelectric Energy ) .When doing relicensing, non merely the power coevals of a dike is considered, but besides protection of wildlife, equal renewal to energy conversation and protection of the environmental quality.Taking everything into history, constructing a dike costs you a batch money and clip, but relicensing may be take long plenty to reactivate it.IV.ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY OVER HYDROELECTRIC ENERGYAfter adverting air current energy and hydroelectric energy, it is clip to compare these two most normally used energy beginnings.4.1 Cost/Efficiency RateFirst of wholly, both energy beginnings have negligible cost when they are compared to other energy sources.For case, wind energy costs merely $ 5 dollars for a family every month and hydroelectric energy ‘s cost of electricty is constant.But when they are compared in electricity produced, weave energy stairss frontward. Most modern turbines installed today are estimated to hold a 20 twelvemonth life during this clip, major constituents have been designed to run 24 hours a twenty-four hours during this clip period. In general, a individual air current turbine will change over about 20 per centum of the energy in air current to electricity. The most efficient production occurs between five and 20 stat mis an hr of air current speed.This means wind energy is more efficient than any other energy beginnings ( AWEA ) .However, hydroelectric dikes have a burden capacity which means after a point, dam capacity is reached and it can non keep more H2O to conversation.In short air current energy provides more electrical power with less cost than the hydroelectric energy.4.2 Building ProcedureWhen constructing a new energy beginning, its edifice procedure is an of import factor.A big fraction of land is required to keep a H2O dike, and it can non be ever found easily.Hydroelectric dikes should be established near H2O beginnings such as lakes or seas.It besides requires tonss of clip to construct it.It takes months or possibly old ages to set up merely one hyrdoelectric dam.Also its licensing is a procedure which requires some time.On the other manus, air current turbines are so simple to construct and they can be established about anypla ce in the universe, it merely needs air current and it needs such a small time.As it is clear from the comparing, there is no uncertainty that the air current energy has no negative effects on budget and environment, in resistance to the bad effects of hydroelectric energy.

Explain the Main difference between Act and Rule Utilitarianism (it can also be used to explain the main difference between Bentham and Mill)

Explain the Main difference between Act and Rule Utilitarianism (it can also be used to explain the main difference between Bentham and Mill) Explain the main differences between Act and Rule UtilitarianismUtilitarianism is a theory, which first became widely acknowledge when it was adopted by its greatest advocate Jeremy Bentham. It is a theory that maintains that it is an action's total consequence that determines its moral correctness. It is a theory not concerned with the effects of the action on the individual carrying out the action, but instead the effect it has on everybody affected by the action. It also maintains that it is happiness that is key to life's conquest, and hence happiness that is the determination of right or wrong. Very simply if an actions consequence cause happiness, then the action is right, if it causes pain, or destroys happiness then the action is wrong. The main philosophy of the theory of Utilitarianism is to create the greatest happiness for the greatest number.Jeremy Bentham, and his disciple John Stuart Mill have become recognised as the two greatest sponsors of Utilitarianism.From http:/ /hypernews.ngdc.noaa.govBentham is known for his popularisation of the more traditional version of the theory, know as Act Utilitarianism. Although a student of Bentham, Mill could see problems in what he was being taught and so began to develop his own views on Utilitarianism, which are now known as Rule Utilitarianism.Bentham was a great traditionalist believer in the expression, "the greatest good for the greatest number." Bentham called this principle the principle of utility. With "utility" here referring to the tendency of an action to produce happiness, not its usefulness. It is the aim of Act Utilitarianism to fulfil to the greatest extent the principle of utility.Act Utilitarianism focuses solely on the consequences of the action. The motives and the reasons why actions are carried out are trivial in determining the moral rightness of the action;...

Oliver and Celia Essay Example

Oliver and Celia Essay Example Oliver and Celia Essay Oliver and Celia Essay We must not forget that other characters than Rosalind use disguise; Touchstone also disguises himself. He does not disguise himself physically, but he disguises his true intentions of marriage with Audrey: sex. Touchstone is a very humorous character in the play, often joking or making puns. He is probably used by Shakespeare to contrast the different types of love and marriage: Touchstone is marrying Audrey for sex, and Audrey is marrying him so she can become a respected woman. This contrasts against Orlando and Rosalinds relationship, that was love at first sight, the like as Oliver and Celia.In this scene, we also see that Celia uses disguise. Originally her motive to disguise herself was for protection. However, she uses her disguise as a helpless weak maiden to get food and shelter, in Act II Scene 4. Also, in Act IV Scene 3, she does not tell Oliver who she really is. If she had told him she was the Dukes daughter, he might not have fallen in love with her, or pushed his feelings aside to bring her back to the court. However, she keeps her disguise until the very end of the play, when all the couples get married.Finally, in the end of the play, Rosalind brings all the couples together to be married, in a triumphant denouement. In the epilogue, she also adds humour through disguise, although she is no longer acting the part of Ganymede. The epilogue is humorous, since she says If I were a woman, which reminds the audience that she is in fact a cross-dressing man, or would have been when it was first performed. Nowadays that is not true, and it is one of the only lines written by Shakespeare that does not transcend time. This is because Rosalind is now played by an actress, as acting is a very reputable profession. However, in 1599, the year the play was written, women were not allowed to become actresses.This inspires thoughts about the way women were and are treated, and how society has changed through time. In Shakespeares time, women were supposed to be gentle, subservient, passive, etc. They were expected to marry, bear children, and raise them. They were constrained by societys rigid rules, especially women at court, like Celia and Rosalind, and had little freedom. Men had much more freedom, and could show their wit, intelligence and humour when they liked. However, it was seen as unfit for females to do the same.Even today, in modern countries in the western world, the two sexes are treated differently, but less so than in other countries such as Islamic ones. Women have more rights nowadays, and laws to protect those rights than in the 1600s.I think that Shakespeare has used the device of disguise very successfully, since he has not only added humour to the written play, but also through cross-dressing added humour. I think that I would have thought this play funny if I had the same sense of humour as people did then, and understood more of the puns and subtle jokes, that are typical of the Elizabethan times but are not found comical now.